新闻报道 News

华裔新西兰人 或 新西兰华人是有新西兰国籍的华人，或具有中国血统而出生于新西兰的华人。华裔新西兰人是新西兰第五大族群。

[编辑]历史

[编辑]早期移民

华人移民新西兰始于1865年，当时在新西兰南岛的奥塔哥首先发现了金矿，因而吸引了来自广东的淘金者。不过由于种族主义者的意识形态影响，这些寻金群体受到歧视。构成歧视的主因，其实是因为他们的出现，与当时的欧洲移民在经济上互相竞争。^[1]。虽然很多人相信在新西兰曾有类似澳大利亚的“白澳政策”推行过，事实上在新西兰并没有通过类似的条例。相反的，在新西兰的早期历史，更对太平洋岛国的居民开放移民^[2]。然而，在1880年代，政治上公开的“恐华思想”导致针对中国移民的人头税出现。虽然官方有法例试图限制中国移民，这段期间在新西兰的中国人口仍然有所增长，而在第二次世界大战爆发之前，不少移民在广东的妻儿以难民身份来到新西兰，使华裔在新西兰的人口增长得到支持。 这一种透过家庭团聚带来的连锁式移民增长，要到共产中国政权成立之后才停止。这些来自广东的中国移民，普遍在新西兰被称之为“旧世代中国移民”，而往后年代的移居者被称为“新世代中国移民”。

[编辑]二战以后

[编辑]最近移民争议

[编辑]人口

在2001年新西兰人口普查当中，华裔新西兰人占了总人口的2.8%。华裔新西兰人跟住在其他西方国家的华人一样，在学术以及专业上有很高的成就。

[编辑]著名新西兰华人

政治界

• 黄徐毓芳(Pansy Wong)，新西兰首位亚裔国会议员和内阁阁员。
• 王小选，行动党前国会议员。
• 陈彼得(Peter Chin)，但尼丁市长。
• (Meng Foon)，吉斯本市长。
• 郑成美，时事评论员，马来西亚华人，后移居新西兰。

企业与体育界

• 郑明贤(Tony Tay)，马来西亚华人，生于沙捞越洲古晋市。现为奥克兰最大房地产公司Tony Tay GroupCEO，同时也是奥克兰会幕浸信会执事长老。为奥克兰著名华人企业家，目前正与政府合作建造南太平洋地区最大的摄影棚。
• Bic Runga，歌手/作曲者，父母亲是毛利人与马来西亚华裔。
• Li Ming Hu，演员。
• Raybon Kan，喜剧演员与报纸专栏作家。
• 李春丽，英联邦运动会乒乓球比赛金牌得主。
• 陈晓燕，新西兰最大华文媒体《新西兰中文先驱报》总裁 http://www.chnet.co.nz
• 曾皑文， 新西兰惠灵顿《乡音》报创始人

A Chinese New Zealander (Traditional Chinese: 華裔紐西蘭人; Simplified Chinese: 华裔新西兰人) is a New Zealander of Chinese heritage. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese). Chinese New Zealanders are the fifth largest ethnic group in New Zealand.

The first records of ethnic Chinese in New Zealand were the immigrants from Guangdong Province, who arrived during the 1860s goldrushera. Due to this historical influx, there is still a distinct Chinese community in the Southern city of Dunedin, whose current mayor Peter Chin is of Chinese descent. However, most Chinese New Zealanders live in the North Island, and are of more recent migrant heritage. Chinese New Zealanders may broadly be defined into two categories; the earlier generation, and recent or temporary migrants that have arrived since the 1980s.

At the last census in 2006, Chinese New Zealanders accounted for 3.7% of the total population, the largest Asian ethnic group in New Zealand (approx 42% of all Asian New Zealanders). As at the 2001 Census, 75% of Chinese in New Zealand were born overseas. In 2002, the New Zealand Government publicly apologised to the Chinese for the poll tax that had been levied on their ancestors a century ago.^[2]

[edit]History

[edit]Early Immigrants

The first immigration to New Zealand took place on the strength of two invitations from New Zealand's Otago goldmining region to potential goldminers of Guangdong province in 1865. These original goldmining communities suffered discrimination due to racist ideology, the economic competition they represented to the Europeans, and because of the implied 'disloyalty' within their transient, sojourner outlook. [3] While many believe there was a 'White New Zealand' policy similar to Australia's, New Zealand never had such a policy openly sanctioned and was open to Pacific Island immigration from its early history. [4] However in the 1880s, openly sinophobic political ideology resulted in the New Zealand head tax, also known as the 'Poll Tax', aimed specifically at Chinese migrants. Despite official barriers the Chinese still managed to develop their communities in this period, and numbers were bolstered when some wives and children from Guangdong Province were allowed in as refugees just before World War II. Chain migration from Guangdong continued until the new Communist Chinese regime stopped emigration. This original group of Cantonese migrants and their descendants are referred to in New Zealand as 'Old Generation' Chinese, and are now a minority within the overall Chinese population.

[edit]After the Second World War

Ethnic Chinese communities from countries other than China began establishing themselves in New Zealand between the 1960s and 1980s. These included ethnic Chinese refugees from Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos following the conflicts and upheavals in those countries; Commonwealth (i.e. English educated) professional migrants from Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia; and Samoan Chinese as part of the substantial Pacific labour migrations of the 1970s.

Between 1987-96, a fundamental change in New Zealand’s immigration policy led to a substantial influx of ethnic Chinese business, investor, and professional migrants, particularly from Hong Kong and Taiwan. This period saw a spike in overall migration from the Asian region, including other Chinese people from East Asia and Southeast Asia. New Zealand's immigration system increasingly experienced the impact of global events, such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the fall of Suharto.

[edit]Recent issues

The nationalist New Zealand First Party fought the 1996 general election on an anti-immigration and very thinly veiled 'anti-Asian' platform [5], winning the balance of power and altering immigration policy towards skills-based immigration. From the late 1990s to the 2000s, skilled migrants from Mainland China became the new significant demographic group of Chinese immigrants.

[edit]International students

Mainland Chinese in New Zealand also include a substantial population of international students completing tertiary qualifications. These students, viewed by some as temporary residents, are often socially isolated from both mainstream and Chinese New Zealander society. There has been media reports of these groups facing victimisation from within their own communities ^[3] as well as from the population as a whole, and as being involved in Asian crime syndicates. Similarly, 1.5 generation Hong Kong migrant youths who engaged in low-level criminal activity in the 1990s, were also mistakenly considered to be professional 'Triads' by much of the non-Chinese public at that time. ^[4]

However, despite much speculation, the political and administrative status of Chinese international students as non-residents has hampered the undertaking of verifiable research about their health, societal wellbeing or their actual level of involvement in crime.

[edit]Demography

[edit]Composition

As of the most recent census, the majority of the overseas-born Chinese were under 25 years of age, and 12% had lived in New Zealand for less than one year. The median age of the Chinese ethnic group in New Zealand is younger than the national average.

[edit]Employment

According to the 2001 Census, New Zealand-born Chinese had a higher median income (NZ$20,200) than other New Zealanders (NZ$18,500), but overseas-born Chinese New Zealanders had a median income less than half of the national median (NZ$7,900).

According to the 2006 Social Report (New Zealand Ministry of Social Development), based on the 2005 Household Labour Force Survey, the 'Asian and other' category displayed the second-highest level of unemployment after New Zealand's indigenous people (the Māori) and the highest level of underemployment. Possibly reflecting the asset-rich status of migrants as well as their barriers to employment, the 'Asian and other' category was simultaneously one of the most income-poor ethnic categories in the country while also being the ethnic category with the highest access to the internet. (Note: At this time, the 'Other' ethnic groups (Middle Eastern, African and Latin American) comprised less than 1% of the population, and the 'Asian' groups approximately 9%.)

[edit]Notable persons

[edit]Politics

• Peter Chin, Mayor of Dunedin, 'Old Generation' Cantonese New Zealander
• Meng Foon, Mayor of Gisborne , 'Old Generation' Cantonese New Zealander
• Raymond Huo, Member of Parliament since 2008, 1st generation mainland Chinese [6]
• Pansy Wong, New Zealand's first ethnic Chinese MP and first Asian MP, 1970s Generation Hong Kong migrant New Zealander of Shanghai heritage

[edit]Arts and sports

• Bic Runga, singer/songwriter, of Māori (indigenous New Zealander) and Chinese Malaysian parentage.
• Chang, presenter with The Edge radio station. [7]
• Li Ming Hu, known for her role as Li Mei Chen in New Zealand's popular TV show, Shortland Street, second-generation New Zealander of Singaporean and Taiwanese parentage.
• Raybon Kan, comedian, second-generation New Zealander of Mainland Chinese parentage.
• Li Chunli, gold medal-winning table tennis champion, 1980s generation migrant New Zealander and Mainland Chinese. [8]
• Caleigh Cheung, actress and fashion writer, known for her roles on Shortland Street and Ride with the Devil, New Zealand born Cantonese with Hong Kong and Old Generation parentage. [9]
• Wing (singer) singer, emigrated from Hong Kong.

[edit]Journalists, writers and advocates

• Mai Chen, prominent constitutional lawyer, Chair of the short-lived Pan Asian Congress of 2002, 1970s generation and 1.5 generation Taiwanese migrant New Zealander
• Derek Cheng, reporter for the New Zealand Herald, second generation New Zealander of Hong Kong Chinese parentage.
• Manying Ip, Associate-Professor of the Auckland University School of Asian Studies, community spokesperson during the 'Asian Invasion' 1990s, and author and editor of numerous seminal texts on Chinese people in New Zealand. 1970s 1st Generation Hong Kong migrant New Zealander. [10]
• Errol Kiong, reporter for Radio New Zealand and the New Zealand Herald, first generation migrant New Zealander and Malaysian Chinese.
• Tze Ming Mok, cultural commentator, blogger and literary writer; second generation New Zealander of Chinese Singaporean and Malaysian parentage. Leader of a march against white supremacists in Wellington 2004. Editor of the May 2006 issue of Landfall, a New Zealand literary journal [11].
• Lincoln Tan, senior reporter for the New Zealand Herald, founder of iBall newspaper (iBall has been renamed as ASIAN TODAY after Lincoln's departure); first generation migrant New Zealander and Peranakan Singaporean. Leader of a march against white supremacists in Christchurch 2004. [12]
• Alison Wong, poet, Old Generation Cantonese.
• Gilbert Wong, New Zealand's most senior Chinese journalist, for many years New Zealand's only prominent Chinese journalist, Old Generation Cantonese.
• Steven Young, key figure and leader in the Old Generation Chinese community associations, specifically the Wellington Chinese Association. Known for bucking the 'model minority' impulses of the Old Generation community in the 1990s by speaking out against the New Zealand First Party, for which he was expelled from the Wellington Chinese Association, only to return as its President in later years. Web-archiver of numerous resources on the Old Generation communities. [13]
• Jack Yan, graphic designer and publisher of fashion magazine Lucire, 1.5 generation Hong Kong migrant New Zealander.
• Jane Yee, columnist on Stuff.co.nz and C4TV presenter, Chinese and Pākehā New Zealand parentage.